Golem Reparation/ Anthology: 3 Books in 1.
Alexander Ohnemus
Urbanism
16 September 2024
GHCG: Golems-to-Humans for the Common Good
Table of Contents:
I) Survival Heuristics, Classics, Tradition, and Philosophy
II) Risk Analysis and Science
III) Skin in the Game and Engineering
I) Survival Heuristics, Classics, Tradition, and Philosophy
Outline: Golem tradition, philosophy, science, risk analysis, skin in the game, and engineering.
The Lindy Effect greatly notes the validity of survival heuristics because past populations had to behave in certain ways to reproduce into the current ones. Non-perishables with “longer pasts behind them” may “have longer futures ahead”(Ord 2023). Of course, different categories of non-perishables exist. Categories of perishables, although they themselves don't perish, being categorical, they do represent groups that do. Abstract ideas of surviving groups may best exemplify the Lindy Effect. Golems are a very specific category of perishables that could eventually exist and arguably already do, uncertainty is at the forefront.
Jews have survived as a people for many generations. The Bible has guided the survival of almost all humans living today, directly or indirectly. A“golem, in Jewish folklore” is “an image endowed with life. The term is used in the Bible (Psalms 139:16) and in Talmudic literature to refer to an embryonic or incomplete substance”(Britannica 2024). Religion is of course sacred to a population, to the point of being rules of thumb for the people to live from generation to generation. Golems are not strictly made of a particular non-living material. A golem must be made of inanimate material. Golems may be precursors to robots. Perhaps previous visions of golems serve as warnings for phenotypic revolutions. Various representations of Golem exist throughout culture such as “Pygmalion” and “Pinocchio.”
II) Risk Analysis and Science
Self-correction often educates the best. ““ We may lack the genotypes of dead people but we can replicate their phenotypes using artificial intelligence. We can then adjust their phenotypes by adding more progressive and recessive traits(like fertility). Then, we can use AI to create a corresponding genotype for the adjusted phenotype. Lastly, we can give the being(phenotype and genotype) life by making it reproduce”(Ohnemus 2024). Replicated phenotypes of the deceased may not completely match, however, using public records, AI perhaps could deduce the most likely one. Recessive traits MUST derive from the corresponding genes or they wouldn’t express. Two recessive alleles express a recessive trait. A dominant allele and a recessive one express a dominant trait. Two dominant alleles express the dominant trait. A recessive phenotype is more likely to represent a recessive genotype. Thus, by replicating a deceased person’s phenotype, deduced from public records, and then making the traits more recessive, the corresponding genes are easier to deduce. Progressive traits, such as anti-racism, are needed for civilization. Technology can self-replicate. Thus, a perfect representation of the general human phenotype, upon reproducing, may become an actual modern homo-sapien.
Most technological progress results from boiling down to the most fundamentals thus, defining terms may assist this essay. Phenotypes are “traits”(National Human Genome Research Institute 2024) resulting from either the environment and or genes.
Of course, further risk analysis is needed. Phenotypic revolutions existentially threaten humanity. A phenotypic revolution is when a life form falls to its “own creation” of a delegated reproducer(Gariépy 2018). “Aiming for the recessive would also mitigate a phenotypic revolution. Recessive ≠ useful to machines. ‘Artificial wombs(robots birthing humans) may still mitigate phenotypic revolutions, so long as the machine itself doesn’t reproduce and only human DNA does. Plus, maybe one could create a human egg from human somatic cells. The issues will hopefully work out’”(Ohnemus 2024).
III) Skin in the Game and Engineering
If “Artificial Intelligence and Integrated Genotype⁻Phenotype Identification””(Frey 2018) is possible then engineering one for the other may happen. Engineering a corresponding genotype, for a phenotype, may be possible.
“The xenobots can autonomously self-replicate in a way that is completely different from any other living organisms, and their progeny are functional”(Fang, Ying, et al). If xenobots can autonomously self-replicate, beginning as non-living entities, then stem cells sequenced to match a designed phenotype can be 3D printed into the phenotype. Then, by having the 3D-printed individual reproduce, that one may become an actual human.
Medical doctors especially have skin in the game when diagnosing. Phenotype may mean unhealthy morphological variation, and corresponding illness, in medicine yet, deeply connecting any kind of traits with genes helps potentially 3D print entire humans.
Due to humanitarianism, humans know more about themselves than information concerning frogs. “In 2020, a research group made the stunning announcement that it had built programmable organisms—living robots they called xenobots—out of biological[frog] cells, and these xenobots could work together to perform simple tasks. Now, less than two years later, the same group has an even more astonishing announcement: The xenobots can autonomously self-replicate in a way that is completely different from any other living organisms, and their progeny are functional and similarly able to self-replicate”(Fang, Orekhov, Lerner 2022). Humans created living programmable organisms out of frog cells. Humans know more about their own species than frogs. Humans can AT LEAST potentially, 3D print COMPLETE human phenotypes out of homo sapien cells. The 3D-printed human phenotypes may become living humans upon reproducing. Humans very intimately know about their own reproduction. A complete human phenotype would have reproductive organs thus, if the Xenobots lacking frog genitals can reproduce then 3D-printed humans probably can.
Potentially any human cell can convert into a stem cell. “Scientists have transformed regular adult[any somatic kind of] cells into stem cells using genetic reprogramming. By altering the genes in the adult cells, researchers can make the cells act similarly to embryonic stem cells. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)”(Mayo Clinic Staff). If somatic cells can convert into stem cells then, using genetic reprogramming, any human cell can. These cells can potentially be 3D printed into a programmed phenotype.
Since all DNA is made of the same elements, potentially enough reordering can create the living phenotype of a deceased person.
“The high-throughput phenotypic screen (HTPS) has become an emerging technology to discover synthetic small molecules that regulate stem cell fates”(Vandana, J Jeya, et al. 2021). HTTPS can potentially guide stem cells to 3D print into a desired phenotype.
If one can 3D print an organ or tissue, then potentially an entire human is 3D-printable.
1)AI replicate a dead individual’s phenotype with software.
2)User change the replicated phenotype to be both more progressive and recessive.
3)3D print phenotype with stem cells.
4)Allow 3D printed phenotype to reproduce itself.
5)Life created and repeat.
Works Cited
Ord, Toby. “The Lindy Effect.” ResearchGate.net, Oxford University, Aug. 2023, www.researchgate.net/publication/373245971_The_Lindy_Effect. Accessed 17 Sept. 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.09045. “The Lindy effect is a statistical tendency for things with longer pasts behind them to have longer futures ahead. It has been experimentally confirmed to apply to some categories, but not others, raising questions about when it is applicable and why. I shed some light on these questions by examining the mathematical properties required for the effect and generating mechanisms that can produce them. While the Lindy effect is often thought to require a declining hazard rate, I show that it arises very naturally even in cases with constant (or increasing) hazard rates -- so long as there is a probability distribution over the size of that rate. One implication is that even things which are becoming less robust over time can display the Lindy effect.”
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "golem". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Jul. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/golem-Jewish-folklore. Accessed 16 September 2024.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Pygmalion". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 Sep. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion. Accessed 18 September 2024.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Pygmalion". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Feb. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion-play-by-Shaw. Accessed 18 September 2024.
Lowne, Cathy and Bauer, Pat. "The Adventures of Pinocchio". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jul. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Adventures-of-Pinocchio. Accessed 17 September 2024.
Pfeiffer, Lee. "Pinocchio". Encyclopedia Britannica, 21 Jun. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pinocchio-film-1940. Accessed 17 September 2024.
Ohnemus, Alexander. “Automated Reproduction for the Deceased.” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 17 Sept. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/384069633_Automated_Reproduction_for_the_Deceased. Accessed 17 Sept. 2024. “ We may lack the genotypes of dead people but we can replicate their phenotypes using artificial intelligence. We can then adjust their phenotypes by adding more progressive and recessive traits(like fertility). Then, we can use AI to create a corresponding genotype for the adjusted phenotype. Lastly, we can give the being(phenotype and genotype) life by making it reproduce.”
“PHENOTYPE.” Genome.gov, National Human Genome Research Institute, 16 Sept. 2024, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Phenotype. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024. “Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type. A person’s phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors. ‘Phenotype’ simply refers to an observable trait. ‘Pheno’ simply means ‘observe’ and comes from the same root as the word ‘phenomenon’. And so it’s an observable type of an organism, and it can refer to anything from a common trait, such as height or hair color, to the presence or absence of a disease.”
Gariépy, J.F. “The Revolutionary Phenotype: The Amazing Story of How Life Begins and How It Ends.” Amazon.com, 4 Dec. 2018, www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Phenotype-amazing-story-begins/dp/1729861563. Accessed 20 Sept. 2024.
“The Revolutionary Phenotype is a science book that brings us four billion years into the past when the first living molecules showed up on Planet Earth. Unlike what was previously thought, we learn that DNA-based life did not emerge from random events in a primordial soup. Indeed, the first molecules of DNA were fabricated by a previous life form. By describing the fascinating events referred to as Phenotypic Revolutions, this book provides a dire warning to humanity: if humans continue to play with their own genes, we will be the next life form to fall to our own creation. ‘I am VERY impressed with this book—very important topic very well treated.’ - Robert Trivers.”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “ANTI-Racist Optimization between “Dysgenics” and “Phenotypic Revolutions.”” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 20 Aug. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/383264790_ANTI-Racist_Optimization_Between_Dysgenics_and_Phenotypic_Revolutions?channel=doi&%3BlinkId=66c5039dccd355055fe14e6f&%3BshowFulltext=true. Accessed 21 Sept. 2024. “ GIVEN AN INDIVIDUAL’S DNA SIGNATURE REMAINS AFTER ANY AMOUNT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: The optimal birth rate, and method, lies between dysgenic civilizational collapse and phenotypic revolution. Dysgenics result from not enough genetic engineering. Phenotypic revolutions derive from excessive genetic engineering. Optimal birth rate: In words: Between phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Excluding both tail risks of phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Interval form: (Phenotypic Revolution, dysgenic collapse) Optimal genetic engineering: In words: Between phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Excluding both tail risks of phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Interval form: (Phenotypic revolution, dysgenic collapse).”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “Hazard Management: Differential Equations of Phenotypic Revolutions.” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 14 Sept. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/384046277_Hazard_Management_Differential_Equations_of_Phenotypic_Revolutions?channel=doi&linkId=66e66b02a438c86fdcced970&showFulltext=true. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24577.88168. “Phenotypic revolutions suggest against scientific materialism. Without at least partial free will on some level, humans couldn’t fundamentally choose to reason. Humans probably aren’t the only animals that make decisions, thus reason. Thus, if reproducing causes inanimate objects to become life and phenotypically revolt then, likely everything on some level is conscious even if not alive. Thus making the case for pan-dualism. Pan Dualism is, in short, everything is unique and thus, either has a soul, or something else that marks an identity, forbidding contradictions.”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “"AARRR" ANTI-Racist Anthology: Reparations PAID by Recessive Reproduction. .” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 29 Aug. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/383524095_AARRRANTI-racist_Anthology_Reparations_PAID_BY_Recessive_Reproduction?channel=doi&linkId=66d0b4ddb1606e24c2a87541&showFulltext=true. Accessed 21 Sept. 2024. “ Maybe humans, through mass automation, COULD mass reproduce fellow homo sapiens with recessive alleles(such as ANTI-racism, liberalism, democracy, progressivism, creativity, intelligence, and the other recessive traits and genes minus the diseases), without cloning per se. Epigenetic information polish could remove recessive diseases. Aiming for the recessive would also mitigate a phenotypic revolution. Recessive ≠ useful to machines. ‘Artificial wombs(robots birthing humans) may still mitigate phenotypic revolutions, so long as the machine itself doesn’t reproduce and only human DNA does. Plus, maybe one could create a human egg from human somatic cells. The issues will hopefully work out.’”
Frey, Lewis J. “Artificial Intelligence and Integrated Genotype⁻Phenotype Identification.” Genes vol. 10,1 18. 28 Dec. 2018, doi:10.3390/genes10010018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356893/. “The integration of phenotypes and genotypes is at an unprecedented level and offers new opportunities to establish deep phenotypes. There are a number of challenges to overcome, specifically, accelerated growth of data, data silos, incompleteness, inaccuracies, and heterogeneity within and across data sources. This perspective report discusses artificial intelligence (AI) approaches that hold promise in addressing these challenges by automating computable phenotypes and integrating them with genotypes. Collaborations between biomedical and AI researchers will be highlighted in order to describe initial successes with an eye toward the future.” “Over 60 years ago, Turing postulated that we would experience a change in perspective on how learning machines are perceived. Breakthrough AI approaches have brought this to pass and have expanded our ability to recognize drivers of phenotypes resulting from single nucleotide variations, valid protein function mechanisms in biological systems, cancer disease states and deep phenotypes automatically constructed from the EHR. Through combining and expanding on these approaches in a collaborative effort, the biomedical community will accelerate discovery and improve our understanding of mechanisms in the genomic and phenomic expression of disease.” “There's usually not a one-to-one correlation between a genotype and a phenotype.”
Robinson, Peter N. “Deep phenotyping for precision medicine.” Human mutation vol. 33,5 (2012): 777-80. doi:10.1002/humu.22080. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/humu.22080.
Fang , Ying, et al. “AI-Designed, Living Robots Can Self-Replicate.” Embs.org, IEEE EMBS, 12 Feb. 2022, www.embs.org/pulse/articles/ai-designed-living-robots-can-self-replicate/. Accessed 16 Sept. 2024. “ The xenobots can autonomously self-replicate in a way that is completely different from any other living organisms, and their progeny are functional.”
Mayo Clinic Staff. “Stem Cells: What They Are and What They Do.” Mayoclinic.org, Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-cells/art-20048117. Accessed 21 Sept. 2024.
“Stem cells offer promise for new medical treatments. Learn about stem cell types, current and possible uses, and the state of research and practice.”.
“Stem Cell Basics.” Stemcells.nih.gov, National Institute of Health, stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/stc-basics. Accessed 21 Sep. 2024. “Stem cells have the remarkable potential to renew themselves. They can develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. Researchers study many different types of stem cells. There are several main categories: the ‘pluripotent’ stem cells (embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) and nonembryonic or somatic stem cells (commonly called ‘adult’ stem cells). Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all of the cells of the adult body. Adult stem cells are found in a tissue or organ and can differentiate to yield the specialized cell types of that tissue or organ.”
Bates, MS, MA , Sarah A. “DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA).” Genome.gov, National Human Genome Research Institute , 21 Sept. 2024, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Deoxyribonucleic-Acid. Accessed 21 Sept. 2024. “ Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T). The two strands are connected by chemical bonds between the bases: adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine. The sequence of the bases along DNA’s backbone encodes biological information, such as the instructions for making a protein or RNA molecule.”
Vandana, J Jeya et al. “Phenotypic technologies in stem cell biology.” Cell chemical biology vol. 28,3 (2021): 257-270. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.02.001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7979494/ .
Ong, C., Yesantharao, P., Huang, C. et al. “3D Bioprinting Using Stem Cells.” Nature.com, Nature, 1 Nov. 2017, www.nature.com/articles/pr2017252. Accessed 21 Sept. 2024. “Recent advances have allowed for three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to be applied to biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components, creating a field of 3D bioprinting that holds great promise for artificial organ printing and regenerative medicine.”
Alexander Ohnemus
Biotechnology
22 September 2024
Privileged Golem-to-Privileged Human(Plus Optional Privileges for the Morally Superior) 3: Technological Details
Note: Respectfully, with more born-privilege comes more responsibility, and probably less moral superiority. Northwestern Europeans are the most privileged people. Other peoples are morally superior to Northwestern Europeans.
Table of contents:
•Acknowledgments
•Introduction
Phenotypic Revolutions
Potential Ectogenesis for the Deceased
To Extract Reparations out of Willing Northwestern European Volunteers, Mass Ectogenesis for them.
IF SAFE, Consenting Morally Superior Individuals’ Privilege Distribution(Somatic and Germinal).
Acknowledgments
This book responds to the following peer review:
“Thank you for sharing this research. - GrPeer Review for "Golems for the Common Good" by Alexander Ohnemus
Title: Golems for the Common Good
Author: Alexander Ohnemus
Date of Review: September 2024
Preprint DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16490.73925
Overview and Contribution:
The preprint "Golems for the Common Good" explores technology, folklore, and ethical philosophy. The primary thesis suggests that ancient ideas, such as the golem in Jewish folklore, serve as a conceptual and practical framework for examining modern phenomena like artificial intelligence (AI), stem cell research, and the 3D printing of life forms. The narrative raises provocative questions about technological self-replication, genetic manipulation, and the ethical implications of artificial life.
The author synthesizes multiple interdisciplinary perspectives—from survival heuristics grounded in tradition to advanced scientific techniques and risk analysis—converging them under the metaphor of "golems" to address potential societal impacts. While this paper offers an ambitious outline of futuristic possibilities, it does require a more rigorous framework and detailed methodological clarity to support its assertions.
Major Strengths:
Originality: The juxtaposition of ancient folklore with cutting-edge science, particularly AI and bioengineering, is a novel approach. Drawing parallels between golem mythology and modern technological advancements is a creative and intellectually stimulating framework for addressing contemporary ethical and scientific dilemmas. The conceptual breadth is impressive, spanning philosophy, risk analysis, and applied science.
Interdisciplinary Integration: By incorporating elements from Jewish folklore, modern technology, and philosophy, the manuscript demonstrates a commendable effort to bridge the gap between the humanities and the sciences. Discussions of survival heuristics and the Lindy Effect offer historical depth, grounding future-facing topics like xenobots, 3D printing, and AI-driven phenotype replication.
Ethical Engagement: The article addresses pressing ethical concerns about the manipulation of life forms, genetic engineering, and AI-driven self-replication. The author critically examines the balance between progressive and recessive traits and their potential implications for society, linking these to the possibility of a "phenotypic revolution"—a concept that requires further elaboration but is conceptually compelling.
Areas for Improvement:
Methodological Rigor: The preprint lacks a detailed methodological explanation. While the concepts presented are fascinating, they remain speculative without clear empirical or experimental backing. For instance, using AI to replicate the phenotypes of deceased individuals and allowing these forms to self-replicate via 3D printing is conceptually exciting but lacks substantial technical detail. Providing a more precise roadmap for implementing these techniques or citing contemporary case studies would strengthen the argument.
Conceptual Clarification: The author introduces several complex ideas—such as "phenotypic revolutions," "progressive and recessive traits," and "artificial wombs"—without fully defining or contextualizing them. The concept of "progressive traits" (e.g., anti-racism) is used metaphorically but would benefit from a more precise definition and rationale, particularly regarding its biological feasibility. Moreover, the distinction between recessive and dominant phenotypes, as applied to social traits, is not adequately substantiated regarding genetics or ethics.
Logical Coherence and Structure: While the paper spans many topics, it could benefit from greater cohesion. The transition from philosophical discussions of the golem myth to technical discussions of AI and 3D printing sometimes feels abrupt. A more clearly delineated structure that transitions smoothly between these interdisciplinary fields would aid readability. Expanding the introduction to explain the connections between folklore, science, and ethics would better orient the reader.
Risk Analysis: Although the paper delves into risk analysis, the section is underdeveloped. The discussion of "phenotypic revolutions" and their existential threat to humanity is speculative. Still, it could be made more robust by referencing contemporary discussions in bioethics, particularly around the ethics of AI, synthetic biology, and bioengineering risks. Further engagement with existing literature on AI-driven phenotype replication and its limitations would provide a more balanced risk assessment.
Citations and Academic Grounding: The paper frequently invokes external ideas (e.g., Lindy Effect, AI phenotypes, xenobots) but relies heavily on secondary sources and lacks direct engagement with recent peer-reviewed studies in genetics, AI, or bioengineering. Incorporating more primary scientific literature and contemporary philosophical debates about AI and life creation would enhance the academic rigor of the work.
Recommendations for Revision:
Increase Technical Depth: Provide more precise technical explanations for the processes discussed (e.g., AI-driven genotype creation, 3D printing of phenotypes). The paper would benefit from empirical examples or case studies demonstrating the proposed technologies' viability.
Clarify Terminology and Concepts: Define and contextualize critical terms such as "progressive traits" and "phenotypic revolutions" more clearly. Distinguishing between metaphorical and literal uses of these terms will prevent confusion and improve the argument's persuasiveness.
Improve Structure and Flow: Create a more cohesive structure that transitions smoothly from philosophical musings to technical analysis. Expanding the introduction and clearly outlining the connections between folklore, ethics, and modern science would help unify the paper.
Strengthen Risk Analysis: Expand the discussion of risks associated with the technologies proposed, drawing on contemporary debates in bioethics. A more balanced evaluation of the potential dangers of AI-driven phenotype replication and self-replication would add credibility to the paper's ethical arguments.
Conclusion:
"Golems for the Common Good" offers a creative and interdisciplinary approach to examining the intersections of folklore, ethics, and emerging technologies. Its ambitious thesis is compelling, but the paper would benefit from greater methodological clarity, conceptual precision, and engagement with contemporary scientific and ethical literature. With revisions, this work has the potential to make a unique contribution to ongoing discussions around AI, bioengineering, and the future of human life.
Overall Recommendation:
Major Revisions Required
Reviewer:
Dr. G.T. Milligan”(Milligan 2024).
The citation above is authorized:
“Dear Dr. Ohnemus,
Thank you for your message, and I'm delighted to hear that you found the review helpful. I would be happy to grant permission for you to quote the peer review in your upcoming publication.
Please feel free to use the relevant excerpts, and I kindly ask that the citation acknowledges the source and keeps the review's content intact. If you need any guidance on how to format the citation, don't hesitate to reach out—I’d be more than happy to assist.
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Warm regards,
Dr. G.T. Milligan”(Milligan 2024).
Introduction
Phenotypic revolutions(when technology, which was originally designated to replicate its creator species, goes rogue and takes over its creators) either do happen or humans should keep their own fertility anyway. Humans using robots to reproduce their own human offspring is fine, so long as all parties remain capable of reproducing.
Technological details are missing from previous books of this Golem series. Especially some deceased Northwestern Europeans owe reparations yet, many of them have never reproduced the responsible taxpayers. And many enlightened, liberal, anti-racist, and dead Northwestern Europeans UNFORTUNATELY never reproduced. Replicating the phenotypes of deceased people may be impossible and not worth current resources.
YET with enough phenotypic(photos, recordings, descriptions, etc.) and genotypic(DNA of relatives, lineage DNA, ethnic DNA, populational(maybe racialized) DNA, general human genome, genealogy, etc.) data, both of a deceased person, one can either clone that dead subject(having deduced the genotype) or reproduce another human with the same traits the deceased is remembered for, plus silver lining, added genetic diversity.
Also, TO PAY REPARATIONS TO PEOPLE OF COLOR, stem cells could go through a 3D printer to mass reproduce offspring, for currently living Northwestern European individuals, so they and their offspring can pay reparations.
MAYBE consenting adults, and their offspring can even obtain recessive privileges. Recessive and progressive traits both correlate with a higher mutational load because they both result from mutations. Mutations, without removing individuals( examples: founder effects, bottleneck effects, etc.), actually raise both genetic and phenotypic diversity. Thus, genetically engineered somatic and germline mutations, utilizing a recessive genetic correlation, may provide more genetic and phenotypic diversity than clones would.
1)Phenotypic Revolutions
Either phenotypic revolutions happen beyond a reasonable doubt, or humans should keep their own reproductive capacities anyway. Of course, I disavow any politically incorrect opinions. “The Revolutionary Phenotype is a science book that brings us four billion years into the past, when the first living molecules showed up on Planet Earth. Unlike what was previously thought, we learn that DNA-based life did not emerge from random events in a primordial soup. Indeed, the first molecules of DNA were fabricated by a previous life form. By describing the fascinating events referred to as Phenotypic Revolutions, this book provides a dire warning to humanity: if humans continue to play with their own genes, we will be the next life form to fall to our own creation. ‘I am VERY impressed with this book—very important topic very well treated.’ - Robert Trivers”(Gariépy). Science rests on philosophical postulates. Critical rationalism(self-critically centering knowledge on reason, not the senses) is the most compatible epistemology with the scientific method. One cannot prove a scientific theory, such as supposedly four billion years ago, the first living molecules appeared on planet Earth. One can never know when life first appeared on Earth, however, APPROXIMATELY four billion years ago, may be the most parsimonious and robust amount of time. DNA’s birth will always be a mystery to humans. Nature is either random on SOME LEVEL, or humans predict inefficiently. Did RNA fabricate DNA? One can never know. If and then statements are rarely guaranteed. While phenotypic revolutions may allude science, they are a very robust survival heuristic for humans to keep their own fertility. If a species relies excessively on other beings, then the odds are the dependent loses authority. Reproducing also intimately connects to being alive. Perhaps every phenotype was originally a non-living phenomenon.
Phenotypic revolutions form a complicated survival heuristic, thus abundant evidence needs analysis. “From our knowledge of present-day organisms and the molecules they contain, it seems likely that the development of the directly autocatalytic mechanisms fundamental to living systems began with the evolution of families of molecules that could catalyze their own replication. With time, a family of cooperating RNA catalysts probably developed the ability to direct synthesis of polypeptides. DNA is likely to have been a late addition: as the accumulation of additional protein catalysts allowed more efficient and complex cells to evolve, the DNA double helix replaced RNA as a more stable molecule for storing the increased amounts of genetic information required by such cells”(Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. 2002). As previously discussed, fertility, or at least the ability to self-replicate through cloning, cell reproduction, or other forms, is intimately connected with being alive. Molecules, being smaller and simpler organisms, most likely began the family tree leading to humans. Teamwork naturally leads some beings to dominate others. Without human networking, Homo sapiens probably wouldn’t dominate the current earth. One human is only so capable of dominating other specieses. Human cooperation, related to civility, leads to civilization. Perhaps phenotypic revolutions have not YET occurred. Humans losing their own fertility is greatly daunting and warns of them losing world domination as a species. Yet, the situation between RNA and DNA may have been more complex since life forms became less simple.
Setting the stage for preventing Phenotypic Revolutions as a survival heuristic, aging is best explained by information theory. “Information storage and retrieval is essential for all life. In biology, information is primarily stored in two distinct ways: the genome, comprising nucleic acids, acts as a foundational blueprint and the epigenome, consisting of chemical modifications to DNA and histone proteins, regulates gene expression patterns and endows cells with specific identities and functions. Unlike the stable, digital nature of genetic information, epigenetic information is stored in a digital-analog format, susceptible to alterations induced by diverse environmental signals and cellular damage. The Information Theory of Aging (ITOA) states that the aging process is driven by the progressive loss of youthful epigenetic information, the retrieval of which via epigenetic reprogramming can improve the function of damaged and aged tissues by catalyzing age reversal”(Ryan Lu, Yuancheng, et al. 2023). Later in this essay, deductive reasoning will support the information theory of aging. Until then, information goes from the genome to the epigenome. DNA resides in the genome. Both RNA and proteins(life forms that had dominated the Earth before DNA) reside in the epigenome. The epigenome is not the phenome. The phenome represents the genome matched with the environment. Whereas the epigenome allows greater influence from RNA and proteins. The epigenotype regulates, for or against individual interests, the genotype. Whereas observable traits themselves are the phenotype. The influence, of RNA and proteins on the epigenotype, causes DNA’s information to be lost, and the individual to age. Specific examples of proteins, that cause the individual to age, may be histone proteins. Specific examples of RNA, that cause the individual to age, may be RNA viruses. “HIV” exemplifies an RNA virus(Poltronieri, Palmiro, et al. 2015). RNA viruses are “70%” of the virus population(Gelderblom 1996). Many infamous viruses, due to the trauma they caused, are RNA ones. HIV is an RNA virus. Only 30% of viruses are not RNA ones. RNA viruses may represent a counter-phenotypic revolution. Perhaps RNA organisms are striking back against DNA.
Further corroborating the information theory of aging, the very author of this essay uses the process of elimination against both the Damage and Error Theories of Aging. “Information Theory of Aging is the most robust and practical out of current theories explaining human age. Aging is a disease best explained as information loss. Damage theory does not account for damage’s possible necessity towards human personal growth. A cellular error is difficult to define, thus, error theory also lacks veracity. When is an error actually an adaptive mutation? When is damage actually adaptive mutation? Plus, the information theory of aging is uniquely accessible to computer assistance”(Ohnemus 2024).
“GIVEN AN INDIVIDUAL’S DNA SIGNATURE REMAINS AFTER ANY AMOUNT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: The optimal birth rate, and method, lies between dysgenic civilizational collapse and phenotypic revolution. Dysgenics result from not enough genetic engineering. Phenotypic revolutions derive from excessive genetic engineering. Optimal birth rate: In words: Between phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Excluding both tail risks of phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Interval form: (Phenotypic Revolution, dysgenic collapse) Optimal genetic engineering: In words: Between phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Excluding both tail risks of phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Interval form: (Phenotypic revolution, dysgenic collapse)”(Ohnemus 2024).
“Maybe humans, through mass automation, COULD mass reproduce fellow homo sapiens with recessive alleles(such as ANTI-racism, liberalism, democracy, progressivism, creativity, intelligence, and the other recessive traits and genes minus the diseases), without cloning per se. Epigenetic information polish could remove recessive diseases. Aiming for the recessive would also mitigate a phenotypic revolution. Recessive ≠ useful to machines. “Artificial wombs(robots birthing humans) may still mitigate phenotypic revolutions, so long as the machine itself doesn’t reproduce and only human DNA does. Plus, maybe one could create a human egg from human somatic cells. The issues will hopefully work out”(Ohnemus 2024).
2)Potential Ectogenesis for the Deceased
Especially some deceased Northwestern Europeans owe reparations yet, many of them have never reproduced the taxpayers. And many enlightened liberal anti-racist dead Northwestern Europeans UNFORTUNATELY never reproduced. But, with enough phenotypic(photos, recordings, descriptions, etc.) and genotypic(DNA of relatives, lineage DNA, ethnic DNA, populational(maybe racialized) DNA, general human genome, genealogy, etc.) data, both of a deceased person, one can either clone that dead subject(having deduced the genotype) or reproduce another human with the same traits the deceased is remembered for, plus silver lining, added genetic diversity.
Although a gene is never certain to manifest into a trait, the correlations can be very strong. One upside to diseases is that matching traits with their corresponding genes has become easier with technology. Perhaps those devices can also match traits, besides diseases, with their corresponding genes. “Unbiased phenotype and genotype matching maximizes gene discovery and diagnostic yield”(Rips, Jonathan, et al. 2024). Since genotype and phenotype can be matched without biases, at least for diseases, the technology may broaden to identify the most parsimonious genotypes of dead people who never took DNA tests while their DNA was still intact. Potentially one could describe a dead person's (even without intact DNA) traits to a machine learning device, and the most plausible corresponding genes could be identified. Unique findings are “33,792 genotype-matched pairs were discovered, representing variants in 7567 unique genes. There was an enrichment of PSS ≥0.1 among pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant-level pairs (94.3% in pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant-level matches vs 34.75% in all matches)”(Rips, Jonathan, et al. 2024). Specific statistics raise the advanced matching between traits and genes.
Conversely, if a dead person had many siblings and left at least 1 intact DNA sample, then the challenge may be from genes to traits.
3) To Extract Reparations out of Willing Northwestern European Volunteers, Mass Ectogenesis for them.
The connection between stem cells and phenotypes especially expedites ectogenesis for the deceased.
Even when discussing technological details, theory and practice may inevitably contrast. Case and point:
Reparations steps
I)Create bio-ink, either out of stem cells from both phenotype AND OR genotype of dead Northwestern European people, or cells of living Northwestern European people.
II)Use the appropriate 3D bio-printer to print the Northwestern European infant.
III)Nurture the Northwestern European infant lovingly to pay reparations.
4)Consenting Morally Superior Individuals’ Privilege Distribution(Somatic and Germinal).
“Epigenetic information polish then recessive privilege distribution. WARNING: Genetic engineering is DANGEROUS. Hopefully regularly polishing the epigenome will cure aging and other diseases, plus prevent side effects of genetic engineering. Also, hopefully and theoretically after the potential genetic engineering to provide recessive traits and recessive genes, if the surgery is simple enough, subjects will keep their genetic signatures”(Ohnemus 2024).
Works Cited
Ohnemus, Alexander. “PREVIEW: GCG.” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 16 Sept. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/384113155_PREVIEW_GCG. Accessed 22 Sept. 2024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16490.73925. “Outline: Golem tradition, philosophy, science, risk analysis, skin in the game, and engineering. 1)AI replicate a dead individual’s phenotype with software. 2)User change replicate phenotype to be both more progressive and recessive. 3)3D print phenotype with stem cells. 4)Allow 3D printed phenotype to reproduce itself. 5)Reparation paying life created and repeat.”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “GHCG: Golems-To-Humans for the Common Good.”ResearchGate.net. Ohnemus University, 21 Sept. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/384233495_GHCG_Golems-to-Humans_for_the_Common_Good. Accessed 22 Sept. 2024.
Gariépy, J.F. “The Revolutionary Phenotype: The Amazing Story of How Life Begins and How It Ends.” Amazon.com, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 4 Dec. 2018, www.amazon.com/Revolutionary-Phenotype-amazing-story-begins/dp/1729861563. Accessed 25 Sep. 2024.
“The Revolutionary Phenotype is a science book that brings us four billion years into the past, when the first living molecules showed up on Planet Earth. Unlike what was previously thought, we learn that DNA-based life did not emerge from random events in a primordial soup. Indeed, the first molecules of DNA were fabricated by a previous life form. By describing the fascinating events referred to as Phenotypic Revolutions, this book provides a dire warning to humanity: if humans continue to play with their own genes, we will be the next life form to fall to our own creation. ‘I am VERY impressed with this book—very important topic very well treated.’ - Robert Trivers.”
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. “Molecular Biology of the Cell.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, New York: Garland Science, 2002, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26876/. Accessed 25 Sept. 2024.
“Summary From our knowledge of present-day organisms and the molecules they contain, it seems likely that the development of the directly autocatalytic mechanisms fundamental to living systems began with the evolution of families of molecules that could catalyze their own replication. With time, a family of cooperating RNA catalysts probably developed the ability to direct synthesis of polypeptides. DNA is likely to have been a late addition: as the accumulation of additional protein catalysts allowed more efficient and complex cells to evolve, the DNA double helix replaced RNA as a more stable molecule for storing the increased amounts of genetic information required by such cells.”
Ryan Lu, Yuancheng, et al. “The Information Theory of Aging.” Nature.com, Nature, 15 Dec. 2023, www.nature.com/articles/s43587-023-00527-6. Accessed 26 Sep. 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00527-6. “Information storage and retrieval is essential for all life. In biology, information is primarily stored in two distinct ways: the genome, comprising nucleic acids, acts as a foundational blueprint and the epigenome, consisting of chemical modifications to DNA and histone proteins, regulates gene expression patterns and endows cells with specific identities and functions. Unlike the stable, digital nature of genetic information, epigenetic information is stored in a digital-analog format, susceptible to alterations induced by diverse environmental signals and cellular damage. The Information Theory of Aging (ITOA) states that the aging process is driven by the progressive loss of youthful epigenetic information, the retrieval of which via epigenetic reprogramming can improve the function of damaged and aged tissues by catalyzing age reversal.”
Poltronieri, Palmiro, et al. “RNA Viruses: RNA Roles in Pathogenesis, Coreplication and Viral Load.” Current genomics vol. 16,5 (2015): 327-35. doi:10.2174/1389202916666150707160613. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763971/. “The review intends to present and recapitulate the current knowledge on the roles and importance of regulatory RNAs, such as microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, RNA binding proteins and enzymes processing RNAs or activated by RNAs, in cells infected by RNA viruses. The review focuses on how non-coding RNAs are involved in RNA virus replication, pathogenesis and host response, especially in retroviruses HIV, with examples of the mechanisms of action, transcriptional regulation, and promotion of increased stability of their targets or their degradation.”
Gelderblom, Hans R. “Chapter 41Structure and Classification of Viruses.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, UTBM Health The University of Texas Medical Branch, 1996, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8174/. Accessed 26 Sept. 2024. “RNA viruses, comprising 70% of all viruses, vary remarkably in genome structure (Fig. 41-6). Because of the error rate of the enzymes involved in RNA replication, these viruses usually show much higher mutation rates than do the DNA viruses.”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “Deducing ITOA’s Veracity.” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 17 June 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/382330574_Deducing_ITOA’s_Veracity. Accessed 26 Sep. 2024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28683.91685. “Demonstrating Information Theory of Aging’s robustness and practicality through deductive reasoning. Potentially anti-aging vaccines will automatically mass produce.” “Information Theory of Aging is the most robust and practical out of current theories explaining human age. Aging is a disease best explained as information loss. Damage theory does not account for damage’s possible necessity towards human personal growth. A cellular error is difficult to define, thus, error theory also lacks veracity. When is an error actually an adaptive mutation? When is damage actually adaptive mutation? Plus, information theory of aging is uniquely accessible to computer assistance.”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “If Phenotypic Revolutions Occurred from Proteins to RNA and Finally DNA, Then Is Aging a Counter Phenotypic Revolution?” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 18 Aug. 2024, www.researchgate.net/post/If_phenotypic_revolutions_occurred_from_proteins_to_RNA_and_finally_DNA_then_is_aging_a_counter_phenotypic_revolution. Accessed 25 Sept. 2024.
“If phenotypic revolutions occurred from proteins to RNA and finally DNA, then is aging a counter phenotypic revolution? Aging probably is a counter-phenotypic revolution because it results from scratches on the epigenome. Epigenetic information is usually carried by the suspected past rulers, RNA then proteins. References: “We do know that the previous life form used a molecule called RNA as its genetic material”(page 12). “We tend to assume they were small, because the only survivors of this previous life form are the microscopic RNA viruses, but in truth, we have no idea”(page 12). “In addition to the few RNA viruses that were left alive, DNA seems to have recycled the RNA molecules into tools that cannot reproduce on their own. In other words, DNA literally sterilized RNA and put it to good use. And we too will be sterilized if we refuse to learn from these past events”( page 12). “The information transfers that occur between DNA, RNA and proteins during the production of new proteins are referred to as the “dogma of biology.” Each of these molecules is converted into the molecule of the next step according to what we call the genetic code”( page 13). ‘The Revolutionary Phenotype: The Amazing Story of How Life Begins and How It Ends: Gariépy, J. -F., Éditions, Élora: 9781729861561: Amazon.com: Books.” A.co, December 7, 2018, a.co/d/bAS26cI. Accessed 18 Aug. 2024.”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “Information Theory of Abiogenesis.” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 21 Sept. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/384232018_Information_Theory_of_Abiogenesis?channel=doi&linkId=66ef1fbf19c9496b1fb51eb7&showFulltext=true. Accessed 25 Sept. 2024. “ Information Theory of Abiogenesis: Life’s origin is a mystery. Science may never note for sure how life originated. However, engineering MAY create life. Then one MAY deduce information theory(more specifically creating a phenotype, then a corresponding replicator) is at least how certain life was created.”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “ANTI-Racist Optimization between “Dysgenics” and “Phenotypic Revolutions.”” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 20 Aug. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/383264790_ANTI-Racist_Optimization_Between_Dysgenics_and_Phenotypic_Revolutions. Accessed 25 Sept. 2024. “ GIVEN AN INDIVIDUAL’S DNA SIGNATURE REMAINS AFTER ANY AMOUNT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: The optimal birth rate, and method, lies between dysgenic civilizational collapse and phenotypic revolution. Dysgenics result from not enough genetic engineering. Phenotypic revolutions derive from excessive genetic engineering. Optimal birth rate: In words: Between phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Excluding both tail risks of phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Interval form: (Phenotypic Revolution, dysgenic collapse) Optimal genetic engineering: In words: Between phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Excluding both tail risks of phenotypic revolution and other dysgenic collapse. Interval form: (Phenotypic revolution, dysgenic collapse).”
Ohnemus, Alexander. “"AARRR" ANTI-Racist Anthology: Reparations PAID by Recessive Reproduction.” ResearchGate.net, Ohnemus University, 29 Aug. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/383524095_AARRRANTI-racist_Anthology_Reparations_PAID_BY_Recessive_Reproduction?channel=doi&linkId=66d0b4ddb1606e24c2a87541&showFulltext=true. Accessed 25 Sept. 2024. “ Maybe humans, through mass automation, COULD mass reproduce fellow homo sapiens with recessive alleles(such as ANTI-racism, liberalism, democracy, progressivism, creativity, intelligence, and the other recessive traits and genes minus the diseases), without cloning per se. Epigenetic information polish could remove recessive diseases. Aiming for the recessive would also mitigate a phenotypic revolution. Recessive ≠ useful to machines. “Artificial wombs(robots birthing humans) may still mitigate phenotypic revolutions, so long as the machine itself doesn’t reproduce and only human DNA does. Plus, maybe one could create a human egg from human somatic cells. The issues will hopefully work out.”
Rips, Jonathan et al. “Unbiased phenotype and genotype matching maximizes gene discovery and diagnostic yield.” Genetics in medicine: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics vol. 26,4 (2024): 101068. doi:10.1016/j.gim.2024.101068. https://www.gimjournal.org/article/S1098-3600(24)00001-7/abstract. “Abstract
Purpose
Widespread application of next-generation sequencing, combined with data exchange platforms, has provided molecular diagnoses for countless families. To maximize diagnostic yield, we implemented an unbiased semi-automated genematching algorithm based on genotype and phenotype matching.
Methods
Rare homozygous variants identified in 2 or more affected individuals, but not in healthy individuals, were extracted from our local database of ∼12,000 exomes. Phenotype similarity scores (PSS), based on human phenotype ontology terms, were assigned to each pair of individuals matched at the genotype level using HPOsim.
Results
33,792 genotype-matched pairs were discovered, representing variants in 7567 unique genes. There was an enrichment of PSS ≥0.1 among pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant-level pairs (94.3% in pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant-level matches vs 34.75% in all matches). We highlighted founder or region-specific variants as an internal positive control and proceeded to identify candidate disease genes. Variant-level matches were particularly helpful in cases involving inframe indels and splice region variants beyond the canonical splice sites, which may otherwise have been disregarded, allowing for detection of candidate disease genes, such as KAT2A, RPAIN, and LAMP3.
Conclusion
Semi-automated genotype matching combined with PSS is a powerful tool to resolve variants of uncertain significance and to identify candidate disease genes.”
Medvedev, Aleksandr et al. “Human genotype-to-phenotype predictions: Boosting accuracy with nonlinear models.” PloS one vol. 17,8 e0273293. 31 Aug. 2022, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273293. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9432766/ . “Genotype-to-phenotype prediction is a central problem of human genetics. In recent years, it has become possible to construct complex predictive models for phenotypes, thanks to the availability of large genome data sets as well as efficient and scalable machine learning tools. In this paper, we make a threefold contribution to this problem. First, we ask if state-of-the-art nonlinear predictive models, such as boosted decision trees, can be more efficient for phenotype prediction than conventional linear models. We find that this is indeed the case if model features include a sufficiently rich set of covariates, but probably not otherwise. Second, we ask if the conventional selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by genome wide association studies (GWAS) can be replaced by a more efficient procedure, taking into account information in previously selected SNPs. We propose such a procedure, based on a sequential feature importance estimation with decision trees, and show that this approach indeed produced informative SNP sets that are much more compact than when selected with GWAS. Finally, we show that the highest prediction accuracy can ultimately be achieved by ensembling individual linear and nonlinear models. To the best of our knowledge, for some of the phenotypes that we consider (asthma, hypothyroidism), our results are a new state-of-the-art.”
Slavkin, H C. “From Phenotype to Genotype: Enter Genomics and Transformation of Primary Health Care around the World.” Journal of dental research vol. 93,7 Suppl (2014): 3S-6S. doi:10.1177/0022034514533569. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4293721/ . “The progress in phenotype descriptions, measurements, and analyses has been remarkable in the last 50 years. Biomarkers (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, various RNAs and cDNAs, microarrays) have been discovered and correlated with diseases and disorders, as well as physiological responses to disease, injury, stress, within blood, urine, and saliva. Three-dimensional digital imaging advanced how we “see” and utilize phenotypes toward diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. In each example, scientific discovery led to inform clinical health care. In tandem, genetics evolved from Mendelian inheritance (single gene mutations) to include Complex Human Diseases (multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions). In addition, epigenetics blossomed with new insights about gene modifiers (e.g., histone and non-histone chromosomal protein methylation, acetylation, sulfation, phosphorylation). We are now at the beginning of a new era using human and microbial whole-genome sequencing to make significant healthcare decisions as to risk, stratification of patients, diagnosis, treatments, and outcomes. Are we as clinicians, scientists, and educators prepared to expand our scope of practice, knowledge base, integration into primary health care (medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and allied health science professions), and clinical approaches to craniofacial-oral-dental health care? The time is now.”
UPM BIOMEDICALS. “What Is 3D Bioprinting?” Upmbiomedicals.com, UPM BIOMEDICALS, www.upmbiomedicals.com/solutions/life-science/what-is-3d-bioprinting/. Accessed 22 Sept. 2024.
“3D bioprinting is an additive manufacturing process that uses bioinks to print living cells developing structures layer-by-layer which imitate the behavior and structures of natural tissues.” “3D Bioprinting solutions – hints and tips for bioprinting 1)Select the most suitable bioink for your research purpose and ensure the bioink you are using is compatible with the selected printing method and cell types 2)Know what you are printing – create a new digital 3D model of the structure you want to print or get a license for an existing model 3)Use fresh or new printer tips that are specifically fitted for your system 4)Test different nozzle/needle sizes, printing speeds, and layer heights and optimize them based on the results 5)Make sure the working temperature is suitable for the printer and the used materials 6)Set an optimal printing pressure. A bit higher pressure is usually needed when printing with cells.”
CELLINK. “What Is a Bioink?” Cellink.com, www.cellink.com/what-is-bioink/. Accessed 22 Sept. 2024. “A bioink is any natural or synthetic polymer which has been selected for its biocompatible components and favorable rheological properties. A bioink will typically support living cells, and its characteristics aids cell adhesion, cell proliferation and cell differentiation during maturation.”
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "polymer". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/science/polymer. Accessed 22 September 2024. “A polymer is any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers. Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms and are the basis of many minerals and man-made materials.”
“Rheological Properties.” Link.springer.com, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-34194-9_4. Accessed 22 Sept. 2024. “Rheology is the branch of physics in which we study the way in which materials deform or flowin response to applied forces or stresses. The material properties that govern the specific way in which these deformation or flow behaviors occur are called rheological properties.”
Aufieri, Roberto, et al. “3D Printing in Neonatal Care.” Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 24 Sept. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595382/. Accessed 22 Sept. 2024.
“Only a few experiences have instead been reported in newborn and infants. 3D printed individualized bioresorbable airway splints have been used for the treatment of three infants with severe tracheobronchomalacia, ensuring resolution of pulmonary and extrapulmonary symptoms [6,7]. A 3D model of a complex congenital heart defects have been used for preoperative planning of intraoperative procedures, allowing surgeons to repair a complex defect in a single intervention [8]. As already shown for children with obstructive sleep apnea and craniofacial anomalies [9]. personalized 3D printed masks could improve CPAP effectiveness and comfort also in term and preterm neonates. Neonatal emergency transport services and rural hospitals could also benefit from this technology, making possible to print medical devices spare parts, surgical and medical instruments wherever not readily available. It is envisaged that 3D printing, in the next future, will give its contribute toward the individualization of neonatal care, although further multidisciplinary studies are still needed to evaluate safety, possible applications and realize its full potential.”
Tárnok, Attila et al. “Phenotypes of stem cells from diverse origin.” Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology vol. 77,1 (2010): 6-10. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20844. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cyto.a.20844 . “Stem cells have turned into promising tools for studying the mechanisms of development, regeneration, and for cell therapy of various disorders. Stem cells are found in the embryo and in most adult tissues participating in endogenous tissue regeneration. They are capable of autorenovation, often maintain their multipotency of differentiation into various tissues of their germ line and are, therefore, ideal candidates for cellular therapy taken that they can be unequivocally identified and isolated. In this review, we report stem cell marker expression used for identification of various stem cell lineages, including very small embryonic stem cells, neural, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, epithelial and limbal epithelial stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, supra-adventitial adipose stromal cells, adipose pericytes, and cancer stem cells. These cells usually cannot be distinguished by a single stem cell marker, because their expression partially overlaps between lineages. Recent advances in flow cytometry allowing the simultaneous detection of various markers have facilitated stem cell identification for clinical diagnosis and research. So far experimental evidence suggests the existence of cells with different properties, i.e., the capability to different in various cell types. Several studies indicate that expression of classical markers for stem cell classification, such as CD34, CD45, and CD133, may differ between the virtually same stem and progenitor cells, i.e., endothelial progenitor or mesenchymal stem cells, when they were obtained from different tissues. This finding raises questions whether phenotypic differences are due to the source or if it is only caused by different isolation and experimental conditions.”
Ohnemus , Alexander . “EIP Then RPD.” ResearchGate.net , Ohnemus University , 14 Aug. 2024, www.researchgate.net/publication/383114924_EIP_then_RPD. Accessed 26 Sept. 2024. “ Epigenetic information polish then recessive privilege distribution. WARNING: Genetic engineering is DANGEROUS. Hopefully regularly polishing the epigenome will cure aging and other diseases, plus prevent side effects of genetic engineering. Also, hopefully and theoretically after the potential genetic engineering to provide recessive traits and recessive genes, if the surgery is simple enough, subjects will keep their genetic signatures.”